芳香療法按摩對於女性體重、體脂肪與心率變異之影響

芳香療法按摩對於女性體重、體脂肪與心率變異之影響

姓名	李宗芳(Tsung-fang Lee)	電子郵件信箱	E-mail 資料不公開
畢業系所	自然醫學研究所(Institute of Natural Healing Science)
畢業學位	碩士(Master)	畢業時期	97學年第2學期
論文名稱(中)	芳香療法按摩對於女性體重、體脂肪與心率變異之影響
論文名稱(英)	The affect of Aromatherapy Massage on Weight, Body Fat and Heart Rate Variability in Females
檔案	本電子全文僅授權使用者為學術研究之目的，進行個人非營利性質之檢索、閱讀、列印。 請遵守中華民國著作權法之相關規定，切勿任意重製、散佈、改作、轉貼、播送，以免觸法。	論文使用權限	校內馬上公開，校外一年後公開
		論文語文/頁數	中文/118
		統計	本論文已被瀏覽 365 次，被下載 23 次
摘要(中)	本研究主要探討精油塗抹與按摩對於血壓、體重、體脂肪與心率變異之影響。研究對象為南部某大學女學生十二位，年齡21.5±0.6歲，體重59.9±1.2 kg，體脂肪28.8±0.7 %，BMI 23.2±0.3 kg/m2，以植物油（甜杏仁油15ml，薰衣草精油2滴，葡萄柚精油3滴）塗抹於手部及腿部，配合舒緩的按摩三十分鐘，比較塗抹與按摩；按摩後等待30分鐘、60分鐘之血壓、心率變異以及體重、體脂肪等數值的差異，每週進行二次，連續四週。 　 　　研究結果顯示四週按摩，收縮壓於第三週即有顯著性下降（p＜0.01）；平均心跳速率於第一週後即有顯著性下降（p＜0.05）；副交感活性指標於第一週後即有顯著性上升（p＜0.05）。體重於第一週後即有顯著性下降；體脂肪於第二週即有顯著性下降；BMI於第一週後即有顯著性下降。四週精油按摩結束，一個月後複測體重、體脂肪與BMI有明顯回升。整體而言，精油塗抹配合按摩，有效降低血壓、心跳速率、體重、體脂肪，並且提升副交感神經活性，達到生理放鬆。
摘要(英)	This study investigated the effects of aromatherapy massage on the impact of blood pressure, weight, body fat index and heart rate variability (HRV) on university female students of 12 volunteers. The average age was 21.5±0.6 years old, weight was 59.9±1.2 kg, body fat index was 28.8±0.7 % and body mass index (BMI) was 23.2±0.3 kg/m2. Essential oils (sweet almond oil 15ml, lavender oil 2 drops, grapefruit oil 3 drops) was wiped on the hand and leg evenly with 30 minutes relaxation massage, twice a week a total of four weeks in the participants. 　 　　The results showed that systolic blood pressure decreased significantly (p＜0.01) after the third week. Mean Heart Rate decreased significantly (p＜0.05) after the first week. High frequency power increased significantly (p＜0.05) after the first week. Body weight decreased significantly after the first week. Body fat index decreased significantly after the second week. BMI decreased significantly after the first week. The end of four week oil massage, body weight, body fat index and BMI of the participants was increased after one month measured. 　 　　As a result, massaging with essential oils could reduce blood pressure, body fat index and improve the activity of parasympathetic nervous system and relaxing physiological function.
關鍵字(中)	副交感神經 體脂肪 體重 心率變異 精油按摩	關鍵字(英)	aromatherapy massage weight parasympathetic nervous system heart rate variability body fat index
論文目次	中文摘要................................ iv 英文摘要................................. v 目次.................................... vii 表目次.............................. x 圖目次................................... xi 中英文縮寫全文對照表.................. xii 　　 第一章 研究背景............................ 1 1.1 研究動機.................... 1 1.2 研究目的......................... 3 　　 第二章 文獻回顧................. 4 2.1 芳香療法.................... 4 2.2 體脂肪...................... 13 2.3 心率變異.................... 16 　　 第三章 研究方法........................ 23 3.1 研究方法架構.................... 23 3.2 研究步驟......................... 24 3.3 研究對象及場所................... 26 3.4 研究工具.................. 27 3.5 資料分析........................ 30 　　 第四章  結果............................ 32 4.1研究對象基本資料........................ 33 4.2第一週之第一次精油按摩血壓、QRS 波、HRV 前後比較…35 4.3第一週之第二次精油按摩血壓、QRS波、HRV 前後比較…42 4.4第二週之第三次精油按摩血壓、QRS波、HRV 前後比較…48 4.5第二週之第四次精油按摩血壓、QRS波、HRV 前後比較…54 4.6第三週之第五次精油按摩血壓、QRS波、HRV 前後比較…60 4.7第三週之第六次精油按摩血壓、QRS波、HRV 前後比較…65 4.8第四週之第七次精油按摩血壓、QRS波、HRV 前後比較…71 4.9第四週之第八次精油按摩血壓、QRS波、HRV前後比較…77 4.10體重、體脂肪、BMI之比較................. 87 　　 第五章  討論.............................. 97 5.1 芳香療法按摩與血壓以及心率變異之相關討論........... 97 5.2 芳香療法按摩與體重、體脂肪、身體質量指數相關討論…. 100 　　 第六章  結論................. 102 　　 第七章  研究限制及建議...............104 　　 參考文獻 ........................106 　　 附錄一 南華大學試驗計畫志願（同意）書 ..... 117
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口試委員	王璧娟 - 委員 辜美安 - 委員 余哲仁 - 指導教授
口試日期	2009-06-25	繳交日期	2009-07-20

薰衣草精油噴霧吸入對輪班護理人員自主神經功能之影響

薰衣草精油噴霧吸入對輪班護理人員自主神經功能之影響

姓名	吳緒慧(Hsu-hui Wu)	電子郵件信箱	wushe581107@yahoo.com.tw
畢業系所	自然醫學研究所(Institute of Natural Healing Science)
畢業學位	碩士(Master)	畢業時期	97學年第2學期
論文名稱(中)	薰衣草精油噴霧吸入對輪班護理人員自主神經功能之影響
論文名稱(英)	The Effect of Inhalation of Lavender Essential Oils on Autonomic Nervous System Function of the Shift-Working Nurses
檔案	本電子全文僅授權使用者為學術研究之目的，進行個人非營利性質之檢索、閱讀、列印。 請遵守中華民國著作權法之相關規定，切勿任意重製、散佈、改作、轉貼、播送，以免觸法。	論文使用權限	校內外完全公開
		論文語文/頁數	中文/73
		統計	本論文已被瀏覽 337 次，被下載 316 次
摘要(中)	本實驗在了解使用不同薰衣草精油成分沉香醇（linalool）與沉香乙酯（linalyl acetate）之濃度比例，進行噴霧吸入15分鐘後，對輪班護理人員自主神經功能之影響。實驗分別各取沉香醇與沉香乙酯之濃度比例0.67%, 0.90%, 1.16% 及10.48% 精油0.3 mL加入200 mL蒸餾水，進行噴霧吸入實驗。研究對象為嘉義市某區域教學醫院加護病房女性護理人員，共計9名，平均年齡為26±3歲，平均體重為55±10公斤，體脂肪為29±8%，實驗後比較實驗前、後之血壓及心率變異，評估不同濃度比例之薰衣草精油成分對自主神經活性的影響。 　　 各組組內以成對樣本t檢定（paired t-test）比較血壓與心率變異值之變化，實驗結果顯示：控制組之心率變異值皆無顯著性差異（p>0.05），實驗組的心跳速率具顯著性下降（p<0.05）；總功率、血壓與QRS波，亦具顯著性增加（p<0.05）。因此，本研究結論為薰衣草精油成分中linalyl acetate濃度比例高者，以噴霧吸入15分鐘後，對人體具有生理放鬆的效果。
摘要(英)	This research aims to investigate the effects of different proportion for Lavendula angustifolium essential oils (linalool/linalyl acetate), after inhalation for 15 minutes, on the autonomic nervous system function of nurses working in different shifts. For the study groups, the proportions of linalool/linalyl acetate in Lavendula angustifolium essential oil were 0.67%, 0.90%, 1.16%, and 10.48%, respectively. Eac individual was given 0.3mL of the extract of the above 4 concentrations, mixed with 200 mL of distilled water and then inhaled for 15 minutes. Nine healthy females nurses from CHIA-YI Christian hospital were recruited as the research subjects. Their average age was 26±3 years, average body weight was 55±10 kg and body fat was 29±8 %. 　　 　　Heart rate variability (HRV) was carried out before and after the inhalation. Results from paired t-tests showed that there was no significant differences (p>0.05) in heart rate variability for the control group. For the study groups, mean heart rate (MHR), was significantly decreased (p<0.05); the total power (ln TP), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and QRS wave were significantly increased (p<0.05). Changes between the four study groups and control group were analysed using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) with Sidak post hoc test. Results showed that there were no significant differences between the study groups and the control group (p>0.05 ). In conclusion, the effect of inhalation of different proportions of Lavendula angustifolium essential oils on the autonomic nervous system function was different. Increasing concentration of linalyl acetate in the Lavendula Angustifolium essential oils was found to reduce the sympathetic nervous system activity and elevate the parasympathetic nervous system activity, which can lead to a physiological relaxation effect.
關鍵字(中)	心率變異 芳香療法 薰衣草精油	關鍵字(英)	aromatherapy heart rate variabilities(HRV) lavender essential oils
論文目次	論文口試委員審定書 ..............................i 謝誌 .........................................ii 中文摘要 .....................................iii 英文摘要 ......................................iv 目錄 ...........................................vi 圖次目錄......................................viii 表次目錄........................................ix 中英文縮寫全文對照表...........................x 　　 第一章 緒論.............................................1 1.1研究動機 ........................................1 1.2研究目的 ........................................3 1.3 研究假設 .....................................3 　　 第二章 文獻回顧 .....................................4 2.1自主神經系統 ..............................4 2.2 心率變異 .................................6 2.3芳香療法 ...................................13 2.4精油 .......................................14 2.5薰衣草 .....................................15 　　 第三章 研究方法 ..........................................19 3.1研究設計 .........................................................................................19 3.2研究對象 .........................................................................................19 3.3研究架構 .........................................................................................20 3.4實驗場所...........................................................................................22 3.5實驗設備與方法...............................................................................22 3.6測量之材料與儀器設備...................................................................22 3.7研究過程 .........................................................................................23 3.8資料處理與分析 .............................................................................23 　　 第四章 研究結果 .......................................................................................25 4.1 研究對象年齡、體重、體脂肪資料分析..........................................25 4.2 精油噴霧吸入前後對受試者心率變異改變之結果......................27 4.3薰衣草精油吸入前後實驗對受試者心率變異之結果...................42 　　 第五章 討論.............................................53 5.1醫護人員在介入薰衣草精油噴霧吸入後，實驗組之心率變異狀況在前、後測有差異.....................53 5.2 醫護人員在介入薰衣草精油噴霧吸入後，實驗組之心率變異狀況與對照組之相關性討論..................59 　　 第六章 結論.....................................61 　　 第七章 研究限制與建議........................62 　　 參考文獻.......................................63 附錄一 受試者基本資料及同意書..............................................73
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口試委員	王璧娟 - 委員 辜美安 - 委員 余哲仁 - 指導教授 林俊宏 - 指導教授
口試日期	2009-06-25	繳交日期	2009-07-16

玫瑰精油 (Rose Oil) - Dr. George Ku - 2009年7月8日

玫瑰精油 (Rose Oil)  - Dr. George Ku - 2009年7月8日 

月經失調 - Dr. George Ku - 2009年7月8日 

用中國的流行曲旋律，加進外文（英文），成為新的一首歌走進歐美流行榜，再在全世界流行樂壇佔一席位的，例子不多。印象中有兩闕，一是六○年代的Ding Dong Song，由潘迪華唱，改編自董佩佩的《第二春》。另一首是五○年代姚莉唱的，叫《玫瑰啊玫瑰》，又名《玫瑰玫瑰我愛你》，改編成英文的Rose Rose I Love You，在1951年最高曾到過美國流行榜Billboard第三名。在1989年的電影《奇蹟》中，梅艷芳唱黃霑填詞的粵語版本：「完全為你深深入迷，柔情萬縷傾你心底，萬花開放誰最美麗，紅塵獨愛一枝玫瑰」。再追溯上去，是先前龔秋霞唱的《薔薇薔薇處處開》，旋律像是差不多；薔薇和玫瑰，都是同一類花，別名叫「月季」。

玫瑰聽說源自波斯，之後流傳到中東以至全世界。現在全球最大的玫瑰產地是保加利亞，產量佔全球七成，大部分用來做香水。純的玫瑰精油（Rose Absolute）可不便宜，二千朵才能收集到一克，化學名稱是香葉醇（Geraniol）。

香葉醇對很多種婦科病都有補健作用，包括消滅感染陰道的念珠菌（Candida）。念珠菌是一種真菌（Fungus），有兩個完全不同的外形。當營養充足時，念珠菌會像植物的根，在皮膚下蔓延，叫菌絲（Mycelium）。一旦養分不夠，它會轉為一粒粒的念珠酵母菌（Yeast）。香葉醇的功效，在於它能把受感染陰道壁內的念珠菌絲，轉為念珠酵母菌，也就是連根拔出，之後能被沖洗走（Biol. Pharm. Bull., Vol.31, pp.1501-1506；Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents., Vol.31, pp.572-576）。

香葉醇還能處理一個很棘手的婦科病，叫經血過多症（Menorrhagia）。經血的成因，與女性生殖機能有關。在成年女性體內，腦下垂體會周期性地分泌一種叫FSH的荷爾蒙，令卵巢製造及分泌雌激素（學名叫雌二醇Estradiol）。當雌二醇的分泌份量去到頂點，會促使卵巢排卵，又會令卵巢製造黃體酮（Progesterone），後者刺激子宮內膜增生，將子宮的組織加厚，形成一個安樂窩以期迎接一個受了精的卵子。在大多數情況中，卵子不會受精。子宮內膜等不到一顆受精的卵子便不須保持下去，它便會裂開，經血也就開始。在這過程中，若某些緣故令卵巢造多了雌二醇，推高了黃體酮的份量，子宮內膜會更厚及更充血，導致經血過多症。在這方面，有一個西藥叫Danazol，它的功效，是能干擾雌二醇接受體的操作；若雌二醇少了，經血也會減少。不過，這個藥有一個不良的副作用，令荷爾蒙失調，嚴重時可導致多毛症（Hirsutism）。

在這裏，香葉醇作為一個補健食品，能派上用場。它有干擾雌二醇接受體的功能，但不會引致多毛症（J. Pharm. Pharmacol., Vol.54, pp.1521-1528）。

Title: Author:	Protective Activity of Geranium Oil and Its Component, Geraniol, in Combination with Vaginal Washing against Vaginal Candidiasis in Mice MARUYAMA Naho ; TAKIZAWA Toshio ; ISHIBASHI Hiroko ; HISAJIMA Tatsuya ; INOUYE Shigeharu ; YAMAGUCHI Hideyo ; ABE Shigeru
Citation:	Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin, 2008, vol. 31, no8, pp. 1501-1506
Abstract:	In order to evaluate an effective administration method of essential oils for vaginal candidiasis, efficacy of vaginal application of essential oils against murine experimental candidiasis was investigated. The effect on vaginal inflammation and Candida growth form was also studied. Vaginal candidiasis was established by intravaginal infection of C. albicans to estradiol-treated mice. These mice intravaginally received essential oils such as geranium and tea tree singly or in combination with vaginal washing. Vaginal administration of clotrimazole significantly decreased the number of viable C. albicans cells in the vaginal cavity by itself. In contrast, these essential oils did not lower the cell number. When application of geranium oil or geraniol was combined with vaginal washing, the cell number was decreased significantly. The myeloperoxidase activity assay exhibited the possibility that essential oils worked not only to reduce the viable cell number of C. albicans, but also to improve vaginal inflammation. The smear of vaginal washing suspension suggested that more yeast-form cells appeared in vaginal smears of these oil-treated mice than in control mice. In vitro study showed that a very low concentration (25 μg/ml) of geranium oil and geraniol inhibited mycelial growth, but not yeast growth. Based on these findings, it is estimated that vaginal application of geranium oil or its main component, geraniol, suppressed Candida cell growth in the vagina and its local inflammation when combined with vaginal washing.

Title: Author:	In vitro activity of terpenes against Candidabiofilms Stéphanie Dalleauab, Estelle Cateaua, Thierry Bergèsb, Jean-Marc Berjeauda, Christine Imberta
Citation:	Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents., Volume 31, Issue 6, Vol.31, pp.572-576
Abstract:	The antibiofilm activity of 10 terpenes was tested in vitro against threeCandida species by 24-h treatment of biofilms aged 1–5 days. Treatment of 24-h-old Candida albicans biofilms with carvacrol, geraniol or thymol (0.06%) resulted in >80% inhibition. Carvacrol (0.03%) inhibition was ≥75% independent of the age of the C. albicansbiofilm. Carvacrol (0.125%) inhibition was >75% against Candida glabrata and Candida parapsilosis biofilms. Geraniol (≥0.125%) and thymol (0.06% or 0.125%) inhibition was >75% against C. parapsilosisbiofilms whatever their age. This study demonstrates the antibiofilm activity of terpenes and points out the exceptional efficiency of carvacrol, geraniol and thymol, which could represent candidates in the treatment of candidiasis associated with medical devices.

Title: Author:	Assessment of estrogenic activity in some common essential oil constituents HOWES M.-J. R. (1) ; HOUGHTON P. J. (1) ; BARLOW D. J. (1) ; POCOCK V. J. (2) ; MILLIGAN S. R. (2) ;
Citation:	Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology, 2002, vol. 54, no11, pp. 1521-1528 [8 page(s) (article)] (1 p.1/4)
Abstract:	Estrogenic responses have not only been associated with endocrine function, but also with cognitive function. Several studies have indicated that estrogen replacement therapy has favourable effects on cognition, and may have potential in the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Thus, ligands for the estrogen receptor, that have a better efficacy and adverse-effect profile than drugs currently available, require investigation. This study was undertaken to investigate the potential estrogenic activity of a number of essential oil constituents. Initially, estrogenic activity was determined by a sensitive and specific bioassay using recombinant yeast cells expressing the human estrogen receptor. At high concentrations, estrogenic activity was detected for citral (geranial and neral), geraniol, nerol and trans-anethole, while eugenol showed anti-estrogenic activity. Molecular graphics studies were undertaken to identify the possible mechanisms for the interaction of geranial, neral, geraniol, nerol and eugenol with the ligand-binding domain of the estrogen α-receptor, using the computer program HyperChem. Citral, geraniol, nerol and eugenol were also able to displace [3H]17β-estradiol from isolated α- and β-human estrogen receptors, but none of these compounds showed estrogenic or anti-estrogenic activity in the estrogen-responsive human cell line Ishikawa Var I at levels below their cytotoxic concentrations, and none showed activity in a yeast screen for androgenic and anti-androgenic activity. The potential in-vivo estrogenic effects of citral and geraniol were examined in ovariectomized mice, but neither compound showed any ability to stimulate the characteristic estrogenic responses of uterine hypertrophy or acute increase in uterine vascular permeability. These results show that very high concentrations of some commonly used essential oil constituents appearto have the potential to interact with estrogen receptors, although the biological significance of this is uncertain.

天竺葵(Geranium) - Dr. George Ku - 2009年7月8日

天竺葵(Geranium) - Dr. George Ku - 2009年7月8日

英文與美語的「中國」是China，這是眾所周知的。大部分歐洲國家例如德國、荷蘭、西班牙、葡萄牙等的語文中，現在都用這個字，只是讀音不一樣；法國則有些改動，是為Chine。在拉丁語系中，「中國」的稱謂原是Sinae。這些字的根源，都是梵語的Cīnā，也就是來自印度一帶。至於印度本身，其名稱也是源自梵語的印度河Sindhu。在《史記》中的記載，印度當時是「身毒國」，相信這是梵語的音譯。同一個字，去到別的地方產生變音，在波斯是Hindu，在希臘是Indu。在中國直至唐初，中國人一般則稱之為「天竺」，也是基於變音。待唐僧玄奘取經回來後，才將Indu其名的正音，以「印度」這新的譯音出之，沿用至今。

然則「天竺」這個名詞，在其他地方仍有使用。例如天竺鼠Guinea Pig（畿內亞豬），又名豚鼠；牠曾是實驗室中主要的實驗對象，現今已大幅度被大鼠、小鼠取代。此外尚有天竺葵（Geranium）。嬰兒誕生後接種的疫苗當中，包括乙型肝炎病毒，不過，其後當中尚有乙肝病毒帶菌者，為什麼？根據一組在Scripps研究所的學者報告，他們是在母體中受了感染：母親的病毒分泌一種叫HBeAg的乙肝抗原，直接穿過胎盤，廢掉胎兒對病毒的警戒；於是，疫苗不能令嬰兒作出反應。對此情況，有方法補救，此乃是利用天竺葵，抑制母體內的病毒，不讓它分泌HBeAg（Biol. Pharm. Bull., Vol.31, pp.743-747）。除了能保護胎兒，天竺葵中的主要油（Essential Oil）Geraniol，可以用來對付一些真菌感染，例如導致「香港腳」的Trichophyton（Nippon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi, Vol.48, pp.27-36），以及令婦女陰道感染的Candida Albicans（Biol. Pharm. Bull., Vol.3, pp.1501-1506）；它比較其他同類的植物，例如茶樹油和鼠尾草油，刺激較小，功效更好。「主要油」乃是植物免疫系統中的主將。植物一樣會被細菌感染；為了保護自己，植物造出一些能殺細菌的成分，這些成分，往往可以澤及其他生物，例如人類。在天竺葵而言，它的主要油能殺死大腸桿菌、痢疾菌和傷寒菌（J. Ethnopharmacol., Vol.100, pp.153-157）。更重要的，是天竺葵能對付一種連抗生素Methicillin也對付不了的金黃葡萄球菌（Burns, Vol.30, pp.772-777）。

天竺葵的好處真不少。它其中一個叫Geranii的成分，可以促使黑色素癌自滅（Mol. Nutr. Food Res., Vol. 52, pp.655-683）。在最近爆發的H1N1型（豬）流感中，天竺葵也能發揮療效，因為它可以抑制流感病毒的蛋白質合成過程；縱是身體中的細胞已受到流感病毒傳染，天竺葵還能發功（ACTA Virol, Vol. 39, pp.5-10）。一旦病毒的蛋白質合成被阻，病毒的增生和細胞的傷害也相應地大減了（Antiviral Res., Vol.37, pp.121-130）。

Anti-hepatitis B virus activities of Geranium carolinianum L. extracts and identification of the active components.

Li J, Huang H, Zhou W, Feng M, Zhou P.

Biol Pharm Bull. 2008 Apr;31(4):743-7.

Department of Biosynthetic Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China.

The ethanol extract of Geranium carolinianum L., a domestic plant grown in China, was subjected to sequential extractions with different organic solvents. The extracts were assayed for anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) activities. The ethyl acetate fraction was found to contain the highest level of anti-HBV activity. In order to identify the active ingredients, the ethyl acetate fraction was further fractionated by column chromatography. Seven compounds were identified including ellagic acid, geraniin, quercitrin, hyperin, hirsutrin, quercetin, and kaempferol, whose structures were determined by NMR. The presence of the anti-HBV compounds geraniin, ellagic acid and hyperin in G. carolinianum L. may account for the effectiveness of this folk medicine in the treatment of HBV infections. Geraniin inhibited hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) secretion by more than 85.8% and 63.7%, respectively, at the non-cytotoxic concentration of 200 microg/ml. The inhibitions of HBsAg and HBeAg secretion by geraniin were higher than the inhibition by the positive control Lamivudine, 33.5% and 32.2% respectively, at the same concentration. Since HBeAg is involved in immune tolerance during HBV infection, the newly identified anti-HBV compound geraniin might be a candidate agent to overcome the immune tolerance in HBV-infected individuals. This is the first report of the anti-HBV effects of geraniin and hyperin, the active substances derived from G. carolinianum L.

PMID: 18379075 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Combined effect of heat, essential oils and salt on fungicidal activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes in a foot bath.

Inouye S, Uchida K, Nishiyama Y, Hasumi Y, Yamaguchi H, Abe S.

Nippon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi. 2007;48(1):27-36.

Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology, Tokyo, Japan.

This work was originally undertaken to determine the effective conditions of essential oils against Trichophyton mentagrophytes in vitro for the treatment of tinea pedis in a foot bath. Agar blocks implanted with T. mentagrophytes were immersed in 0.1% aqueous agar containing two-fold dilutions of essential oils with or without sodium chloride at 27 degrees C, 37 degrees C and 42 degrees C for 10 and 20 min. The number of surviving mycelia on the agar blocks was determined from the standard curves of the colony diameter and original inocula of the conidia. At the same time, the thermal effect on the cellular morphology was examined using SEM. Most fungal mycelia (99.7%) were killed after treatment at 42 degrees C for 20 min without essential oil. The fungicidal activity of essential oils was markedly enhanced by treating at 42 degrees C for 20 min as compared with that at 27 degrees C, showing 1/4 - 1/32-fold reduction of minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC to kill 99.99%). The order of the fungicidal activity of 11 essential oils was oregano, thyme thymol, cinnamon bark > lemongrass > clove, palmarose, peppermint, lavender > geranium Bourbon, tea tree > thyme geraniol oils. MFCs were further reduced to 1/2 - 1/8 by the addition of 10% sodium chloride. The salt effect was explained, at least partly, by an increase in mycelial adsorption of antifungal constituents in the presence of sodium chloride. Considerable hyphal damage was done at 27 degrees C by the essential oils, but no further alteration in morphology of the hyphae treated at 42 degrees C with or without oil was observed by SEM. The inhibitory effect of heat and oils was also observed against mycelia of T. rubrum and conidia of T. mentagrophytes. Thermotherapy combined with essential oils and salt would be promising to treat tinea pedis in a foot bath.

PMID: 17287720 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Protective activity of geranium oil and its component, geraniol, in combination with vaginal washing against vaginal candidiasis in mice.

Maruyama N, Takizawa T, Ishibashi H, Hisajima T, Inouye S, Yamaguchi H, Abe S.

Biol Pharm Bull. 2008 Aug;31(8):1501-6.

Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology, Tokyo, Japan.

nmaruyama-teikyo@umin.ac.jp

In order to evaluate an effective administration method of essential oils for vaginal candidiasis, efficacy of vaginal application of essential oils against murine experimental candidiasis was investigated. The effect on vaginal inflammation and Candida growth form was also studied. Vaginal candidiasis was established by intravaginal infection of C. albicans to estradiol-treated mice. These mice intravaginally received essential oils such as geranium and tea tree singly or in combination with vaginal washing. Vaginal administration of clotrimazole significantly decreased the number of viable C. albicans cells in the vaginal cavity by itself. In contrast, these essential oils did not lower the cell number. When application of geranium oil or geraniol was combined with vaginal washing, the cell number was decreased significantly. The myeloperoxidase activity assay exhibited the possibility that essential oils worked not only to reduce the viable cell number of C. albicans, but also to improve vaginal inflammation. The smear of vaginal washing suspension suggested that more yeast-form cells appeared in vaginal smears of these oil-treated mice than in control mice. In vitro study showed that a very low concentration (25 microg/ml) of geranium oil and geraniol inhibited mycelial growth, but not yeast growth. Based on these findings, it is estimated that vaginal application of geranium oil or its main component, geraniol, suppressed Candida cell growth in the vagina and its local inflammation when combined with vaginal washing.

PMID: 18670079 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]