| 姓名 | 區瑪班(Wilasinee Pumsanguan) | 電子郵件信箱 | E-mail 資料不公開 |
| 畢業系所 | 自然醫學研究所(Institute of Natural Healing Science) | ||
| 畢業學位 | 碩士(Master) | 畢業時期 | 96學年第2學期 |
| 論文名稱(中) | 百里香萃取液噴霧吸入對心率變異之研究 | ||
| 論文名稱(英) | Effects of Inhalation of Thyme Extracts on Heart Rate Variability | ||
| 檔案 | 本電子全文僅授權使用者為學術研究之目的，進行個人非營利性質之檢索、閱讀、列印。 請遵守中華民國著作權法之相關規定，切勿任意重製、散佈、改作、轉貼、播送，以免觸法。 | 論文使用權限 | 校內外完全公開 |
| 論文語文/頁數 | 中文/96 | ||
| 統計 | 本論文已被瀏覽 896 次，被下載 485 次 | ||
| 摘要(中) | 本研究主要比較不同品種的 9 組百里香萃取液噴霧吸入對心率變異差異。研究對象為南華大學學生共51名(男性14名，女性37名)，平均年齡為21.9±1.3歲，平均體重為 56.2 ± 13.9 kg，平均身高為 161.9 ± 8.0 cm，平均身體質量指數 (Body Mass Index, BMI) 為 21.2 ± 4.5 kg/m2。實驗組有 9 組，分別為麝香百里香組、黃斑檸檬百里香組、薰衣草百里組、白斑檸檬百里香組、綠檸檬百里香組、奧勒岡百里香組、舖地百里香組、銀斑百里香組、柳橙百里香組。控制組實驗是靜坐10分鐘後，進行 5 分鐘的心率變異測量。噴霧吸入組是噴霧器裡加入百里香萃取液 50 ml及 200 ml蒸餾水，聞百里香的噴霧10 分鐘後，進行 5 分鐘的心率變異測量。 各組內之心率變異前後平均值採成對樣本 t 檢定 (paired t-test)：比較組內的平均心跳速(mean heart rate, MHR)、QRS波(QRS)、正常心跳間距標準差(standard deviation of normal to normal, SDNN)、正常心跳間期差值平方和的均方根(The square root of the mean of the sum of the squares of differences between adjacent NN intervals, RMSSD)、低高頻功率與高頻功率之比值(LF/HF ratio, LF/HF)等測量值之前後平均數之差異。噴霧吸入組與控制組亦採成對樣本 t 檢定：比較組間其心率變異百分改變量值之差異。 實驗結果顯示：薰衣草百里香組 RMSSD上升與柳橙百里香組QRS上升且二者皆具顯著性統計意義(p <0.05)，而其他各組組間無顯著性統計意義(p >0.05)。黃斑檸檬百里香組、薰衣草百里香組、白斑檸檬百里香組、綠檸檬百里香組、舖地百里香組、銀斑百里香組等實驗組別LF/HF比值有上升趨勢；麝香百里香組、奧勒岡百里香組、柳橙百里香組等，其 LF/HF比值有下降趨勢。 | ||
| 摘要(英) | This experiment was designed to identify the effect of different varieties of thyme extracts on heart rate variability. The research subjects were 51 undergraduate students (average age of 21.9±1.3 years，average weight of 56.2 ± 13.9 kg，average height 161.9 ± 8.0 cm，average body mass index (BMI) 21.2 ± 4.5 kg/m2). Experimental Inhaling groups included 9 groups: Common Thyme, Golden Lemon Thyme, Lavender Thyme, Silver Lemon Thyme, Lemon Thyme, Oregano wild Thyme, Creeping wild Thyme, Silver-leaf Thyme and Orange Thyme. Control groups sat still for 10 minutes, after which their heart rate variability were measured for 5 minutes. Inhaling groups inhaled for 10 minutes, and their heart rate variability were measured 5 minutes. Inhaling vaporizer in the experiment contained 50 ml thyme extract solution and 200 ml distillated water. For statistics analysis, paired t-test was used to measure heart rate variability within control groups and Inhaling groups including: mean heart rate (MHR), QRS wave (QRS), standard deviation of all normal to normal intervals (SDNN), the square root of the mean of the sum of the squares of differences between adjacent NN intervals (RMSSD), low frequency power (LF), high frequency power (HF), ratio of LF to HF (LF/HF). Paired t-test was also used to analyze Standardized percentage changes (△, %) and heart rate variability within control groups and Inhaling groups Results from the paired t-test showed that the heart rate variability in Inhaling groups and control groups in Standardized percentage changes (△, %), △RMSSD in Lavender Thyme and △QRS in Orange Thyme were significantly different between Inhaling groups and control groups (p<0.05). The LF/HF ratio in Common Thyme, Creeping wild Thyme, Orange Thyme decreased. Contrarily, the LF/HF ratio in Golden Lemon Thyme, Lavender Thyme, Silver Lemon Thyme, Lemon Thyme, Oregano wild Thyme, and Silver-leaf Thyme increased. | ||
| 關鍵字(中) | 心率變異分析 自然農法 芳香療法 百里香 | 關鍵字(英) | Heart rate variability (HRV) natural farming thyme aromatherapy |
| 論文目次 | 論文口試委員審定書.............................i 誌謝…………………………………………………… …ii 中文摘要 …………………………………………………iv 英文摘要 …………………………………………………vi 目次 …………………………………………………viii 表次 …………………………………………………xiii 圖次 ……………………………………………………xv 第一章 研究背景 ………………………………………1 1.1 研究動機 ……………………………………1 1.1.1 自然農法 ……………………………………1 1.1.2 天然香草植物精油成分………………………2 1.1.3 液體萃取物 …………………………………3 1.1.4 進行噴霧吸入療法與心率變異評估…………3 1.2 研究目的 ………….…………………………4 第二章 文獻回顧 ………………………………………5 2.1 芳香植物研究歷史 …………………………………5 2.2 百里香屬植物特性 …………………………………5 2.3 百里香精油的化學成分 ………….……………….6 2.4 芳香精油的定義和性質………………………………8 2.5 芳香精油的組成成分…………………………………9 2.6 芳香植物成分的萃取……………………………….10 2.7 心率變異………………….………………………..11 2.8 精油用於芳香療法及對心率變異之影響.…………13 第三章 研究方法 ……….….…………………………15 3.1 研究設計 ……………………………………15 3.2 研究架構 ……………………………………15 3.3 研究對象及場所 …………………........23 3.3.1 研究對象 …………………………………….23 3.3.2 研究場所 ……………………………………24 3.4 實驗材料藥品與設備…………………………24 3.5 百里香之種植與製備…………………………25 3.6 分析項目………………………………………26 3.6.1 淨重測定…………………………………………26 3.6.2 水分含量測定 …………………………………26 3.6.3 總酚含量測定…………………………………….26 3.6.4 類黃酮含量測定………………………………….27 3.6.5 心率變異分析…………………….............27 3.6.6 統計分析 …………………….…………....…28 第四章 研究結果 ………………………………………29 4.1 自然農法種植的結果 ………………………29 4.1.1 種植的條件 …………………………………29 4.1.2 種植的時間 …………………………………29 4.1.3 種植的產量 …………………………………30 4.2 研究對象年齡、體重、身高、身體質量指數資料分析...36 4.3 各品種百里香之萃取物噴霧吸入後對心率變異的影響 ...40 4.3.1 靜坐組與麝香百里香組 (品種1) 之心率變異值...40 4.3.2 靜坐組與麝香百里香組 (品種1) 間心率變異百分 改變量值...41 4.3.3 靜坐組與黃斑檸檬百里香組 (品種2) 之心率變異值...44 4.3.4 靜坐組與黃斑檸檬百里香組 (品種2) 間心率變異 百分改變量值...45 4.3.5 靜坐組與薰衣草百里香組(品種3)之心率變異值...48 4.3.6 靜坐組與薰衣草百里香組(品種3)間心率變異百分 改變量值...49 4.3.7靜坐組與白斑檸檬百里香組(品種4)之心率變異值...52 4.3.8靜坐組與白斑檸檬百里香組(品種4)間心率變異百分改變量值...53 4.3.9 靜坐組與綠檸檬百里香組(品種5)之心率變異值...56 4.3.10靜坐組與綠檸檬百里香組(品種5)間心率變異百分 改變量值量...57 4.3.11靜坐組與奧勒岡百里香組(品種6)之心率變異值...60 4.3.12靜坐組與奧勒岡百里香組(品種6)間心率變異百分 改變量值...61 4.3.13靜坐組與舖地百里香組(品種7)之心率變異值...64 4.3.14靜坐組與舖地百里香組(品種7)間心率變異百分 改變量值...65 4.3.15靜坐組與銀斑百里香組(品種8)之心率變異值...68 4.3.16靜坐組與銀斑百里香組(品種 8)間心率變異百分 改變量值...69 4.3.17靜坐組與柳橙百里香組(品種9)之心率變異值...72 4.3.18靜坐組與柳橙百里香組(品種9)間心率變異百分 改變量值...73 4.3.19靜坐組與LF/HF比值下降百里香合併組(品種1與 9)之心率變異值...76 4.3.20靜坐組與LF/HF比值下降百里香合併組(品種1與 9)間心率變異百分改變量值...79 4.3.21靜坐組與LF/HF比值上升百里香合併組(品種3、5、6、7與8)之心率變異值...82 4.3.22靜坐組與LF/HF比值上升百里香合併組(品種3、5、6、7與8) 間心率變異百分改變量值...85 第五章 討論 ………………………………………….88 5.1 一般精油和液體萃取物 ………………….88 5.2 九種品種之百里香萃取物噴霧吸入後之心率變異...89 5.3 萃取植物氣味 …………………………….90 第六章 結論 ………………………………………….91 參考文獻 …………………………………………………92 | ||
| 參考文獻 | 中文參考文獻： 江國忠(1995) 。日本自然農法之土壤診斷與培育。永續農業，2，43-46。 李清松 (1991) 。 農民對環境態度之研究。台灣農業，27，79-91。 卓芷聿(2003) 。芳香療法全書。台北：商周。 胡慧冰、柳克鈴、李若存（2007）。GC法測定雲威靈軟膠囊中百里香酚和異丁酸百里香酯的含量研究，中醫藥導報，13，98-99。 夏錚、王文君(1998) 。香料與香精。北京 : 中國物資。 張妤（2007）。百里香精油成分含量及組分的比較研究。未出版之碩士論文，東北林業大學園林植物與觀賞園藝研究所，東北。 張妤、卓麗環（2007）。百里香屬4種植物花期揮發油含量差異研究。高師理科學刊，27，63-65。 張知俠（2004）。百里香芳香油化學成分的研究。西北農業學報，13，151-153。 曹文軍、吳定新、毛國芳(1998) 。植物精油的超臨界流體萃取的研究與發展 。北京林業大學學報，1， 67-74。 許鵬翔、賈衛民、畢良武(2004) 。芳香植物精油氣相色譜分析展。.分析科學學報，3，312-316。 陳高揚、郭正典、駱惠銘（2000）。心率變異度：原理與應用。中華民國急救加護醫學會雜誌，11，47-58。 陳淑如、蔡月霞、羅映琪、蔡宜珊、鄭綺（2005）。心率變異度的簡介及護理上的應用。新台北護理期刋，7，1-11。 楊鴻佑、楊奇志(1995) 。百里香屬植物資源的綜合開發利用。遼寧林業科技，2，47-51。 樊明濤、陳錦屏（2002）。百里香芳香油及其主要成分抗氧化試驗。西北農業學報，11，34-36。 鍾瑞敏、王羽梅、曾慶孝（2005）。芳香精油在食品保藏中的應用性研究進展。食品與發酵工業，31，93-98。 英文參考文獻： Carnethon, M. R., Golden, S. H., Folsom, A. R., Haskell, W., & Liao, D. (2003). Prospective investigation of autonomic nervous system function and the development of type 2 Diabetes. Circulation, 107, 2190-2195. Davis, P. (1996). Aromatherapy An A-Z. London : Vermilion. Dayawansa, S., Umeno, K., Takakura, H., Hori, E., Tabuchi, E., & Nagashima, Y. (2003). Autonomic responses during inhalation of natural fragrance of Cedrol in humans. Autonomic Neuroscience, 108, 79-86. Fu, C. C., Li, Y. M., Pei, D., Chen, C. L., Lo, H. M., & Wu, D. A. (2006). Heart Rate Variability in Taiwanese Obese Children. Tzu Chi Medical Journal, 18 , 199-204. Haze, S., Sakai, K., & Gozu, Y. (2002). Effects of fragrance inhalation on sympathetic activity in normal adults. Japanese Journal of Pharmacology, 90, 247-253. Jia, Z., Tang, M., & Wu, J. (1999). The determination of flavonoid content in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food Chemistry, 64, 555-559. Kuo, T. B., Lin, T., Yang, C. C., Li, C. L., Chen, C. F., & Chou, P. (1999). Effect of aging on gender differences in neural control of heart rate. The American Journal of Physiology, 277, 2233-2239. Malik, M., Bigger, J. T., Camm, A. J., Kleiger, R. E., Malliani, A., Moss, A. J., & Schwartz, P. J. (1996). Heart rate variability, Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use. European Heart Journal, 17, 354-381. Masago, R., Matsuda, T., Kikuchi, Y., Miyazaki, Y., Iwanaga, K., Harada, H., & Katsuura, T. (2000). Effect of inhalation of essential oils on EEG activity and sensory evaluation. Journal of Physiological Anthropology and Applied Human Science, 19, 35-42. Mitchell, A. E., Hong, Y. J., Koh, E., Barrett, D. M., Bryant, D. E., & Denison, R. F. (2007). Ten-year comparison of the influence of organic and conventional crop management practices on the content of flavonoids in tomatoes. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55, 6154-6159. Saeki, Y. (2000). The effect of foot-bath with or without the essential oil of lavender on the autonomic nervous system: a randomized trial. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 8, 2-7. Saeki, Y., & Shiohara M. (2001). Physiological effects of inhaling fragrances. International Journal Aromatherapy, 11, 118-125. Schnaubelt, K. (1998). Advanced Aromatherapy : the science of essential oil therapy. Vermont : Healing Arts Press. Singleton, V. L., & Rossi, J. A. (1965). Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 16, 144-158. Wildwood, C. (1996). The Encyclopedia of Aromatherapy. Vermont : Healing Arts Press. | ||
| 口試委員 | 蘇純立 - 委員 吳澔群 - 委員 余哲仁 - 指導教授 | ||
| 口試日期 | 2008-06-30 | 繳交日期 | 2008-07-10 |
2008年7月10日 星期四
百里香萃取液噴霧吸入對心率變異之研究
百里香萃取液噴霧吸入對心率變異之研究
2008年7月8日 星期二
薄荷萃取液噴霧吸入在心率變異的影響
薄荷萃取液噴霧吸入在心率變異的影響
| 姓名 | 陳雯琬(Wen-wan Chen) | 電子郵件信箱 | winifer6626@yahoo.com.tw |
| 畢業系所 | 自然醫學研究所(Institute of Natural Healing Science) | ||
| 畢業學位 | 碩士(Master) | 畢業時期 | 96學年第2學期 |
| 論文名稱(中) | 薄荷萃取液噴霧吸入在心率變異的影響 | ||
| 論文名稱(英) | Effects of Inhalation of Mint Extracts on Heart Rate Variability | ||
| 檔案 | 本電子全文僅授權使用者為學術研究之目的，進行個人非營利性質之檢索、閱讀、列印。 請遵守中華民國著作權法之相關規定，切勿任意重製、散佈、改作、轉貼、播送，以免觸法。 | 論文使用權限 | 校內外完全公開 |
| 論文語文/頁數 | 中文/83 | ||
| 統計 | 本論文已被瀏覽 919 次，被下載 504 次 | ||
| 摘要(中) | 本研究主要比較不同品種的10組薄荷萃取液噴霧吸入對心率變異差異。研究對象為南華大學學生共59名(男性16名，女性43名)，平均年齡22.2±1.5歲，平均身體質量指數(Body Mass Index, BMI)為22.0±5.0 kg/m2。實驗組有10組，分別綠薄荷、皺葉薄荷、班葉鳳梨薄荷、萊姆薄荷、葡萄柚薄荷、巧克力薄荷、胡椒薄荷、普列薄荷、蘋果薄荷、柯嘉西薄荷。 控制組實驗是靜坐10分鐘後，進行5分鐘的心率變異測量，噴霧吸入組是噴霧器裡加入薄荷萃取液50 ml及200 ml蒸餾水，聞薄荷萃取液的噴霧10分鐘後，進行5分鐘的心率變異測量。 各組內的心率變異前後平均值採成對樣本T檢定(Paired t-test):比較組內每分鐘平均心跳數(Mean Heart Rate，MHR)、QRS波(QRS wave，QRS)、正常竇性心搏間期之標準差(Standard Deviation of all Normal to Normal intervals，SDNN)、正常心跳間期差值平方和的均方根(The square root of the mean of the sum of the squares of differences between adjacent NN intervals，RMSSD)與低頻高頻功率比(Ratio of LF to HF，LF/HF)等測量值之前後平均數差異。噴霧吸入組與控制組亦採成對樣本T檢定，比較組間其心率變異百分改變量值之差異。 實驗結果顯示，噴霧入組與控制組之心率變異值皆無顯著性差異(p>0.05)。 綠薄荷組、皺葉薄荷組、斑葉鳳梨組、葡萄柚薄荷組、巧克力薄荷組與胡椒薄荷組等實驗組別，LF/HF比值有降低趨勢。萊姆薄荷組、普列薄荷、蘋果薄荷組與柯西嘉薄荷組等，其LF/HF比值有上升趨勢。 | ||
| 摘要(英) | The main aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different types of mint plant extracts on heart rate variability (HRV). Fifty-nine (16 males; 43 females) Nanhua University students were studied as research subjects. The average age and body mass index (BMI) of the students was 22.21.5 years and 22.05.0 kg/m2, respectively. Ten different cultivars of mint plants were used in this research, namely, Spearmint, Curled spearmint, Variegate Pineapple Mint, Lime Mint, Grapefruit Mint, Chocolate Mint, Peppermint, Pennyroyal, Apple Mint and Corsican Mint. For the control group, the students were instructed to sit in silence for 10 minutes, after which their heart rate variability were measured for 5 minutes. For the study groups, each group was subjected to a type of mint extract released through a misting system for 10 minutes, after which their heart rate variabilities were measured for 5 minutes. Each mint extract solution contained 50 ml of extract and 200 ml of distilled water. For statistical analysis, a paired t-test was used to compare heart rate variability differences between mean values within each group. These included: mean heart rate (MHR), QRS wave, standard deviation of all normal to normal intervals (SDNN), the square root of the mean of the sum of the squares of differences (RMSSD) between adjacent NN intervals, and the ratio of low frequency (LF) to high frequency (HF). Heart rate variability differences between the control group and study groups were also compared using a paired t-test. The results of this study showed that there were no significant differences (p>0.05) in heart rate variability between the control group and the study groups. Data from the Spearmint, Curled Spearmint, Variegata Pineapple Mint, Grapefruit Mint and Chocolate Mint and Peppermint groups showed a decreasing trend in the LF/HF ratio. Contrarily, data from the Lime Mint, Pannyroyal, Apple Mint and Corcican Mint groups showed an increasing trend in the LF/HF ratio. | ||
| 關鍵字(中) | 自然農法 芳香療法 心率變異度 薄荷 | 關鍵字(英) | Natural farming Aromatherapy Peppermint Heart Rate Variability (HRV) |
| 論文目次 | 論文口試委員審定書..................................................................i 謝誌..................................................................ii 摘要..................................................................iii 英文摘要..................................................................v 目錄..................................................................vii 圖次目錄..................................................................x 表次目錄..................................................................xi 第一章 研究背景..................................................................1 1.1 研究動機..................................................................1 1.2 研究的目的..................................................................3 第二章 文獻回顧 ..................................................................4 2.1 薄荷的型態特徵及種植方法..................................................................4 2.2 薄荷精油的萃取方法..................................................................5 2.3 薄荷精油成份及藥理作用..................................................................6 2.4 芳香療法的原理與應用..............................................................7 2.5 心率變異原理與評估應用..........................................................8 第三章 研究方法..................................................................10 3.1 薄荷栽種..................................................................10 3.2 薄荷萃取液噴霧吸入實驗..................................................................19 3.3. 實驗數據分析..................................................................21 第四章 研究結果..................................................................23 4.1 薄荷種植的栽培條件:溫度、濕度、風速與光度.......................23 4.2 研究對象年齡、體重、身高、身體質量指數資料分析..............24 4.3 靜坐組與綠薄荷組內HRV前後差異比較................................29 4.4 靜坐組與皺葉薄荷組內HRV之前後差異比較........................33 4.5 靜坐組與班葉鳳梨薄荷組內HRV之前後差異比較................36 4.6 靜坐組與萊姆薄荷組內HRV前後差異比較............................39 4.7 靜坐組與葡萄柚薄荷組內HRV前後差異比較........................42 4.8 靜坐組與巧克力薄荷組內HRV之前後差異比較....................45 4.9 靜坐組與胡椒薄荷組內HRV前後差異比較............................48 4.10 靜坐組與普列薄荷組內HRV前後差異比較..........................51 4.11 靜坐組與蘋果薄荷組內HRV前後差異比較..........................54 4.12 靜坐組與柯西嘉薄荷組內HRV前後比較..............................57 4.13 靜坐組與LF/HF比值上升組(包括: 萊姆薄荷，普列薄荷，蘋果薄荷和柯嘉西薄荷組；品種4、8、9、10)間之心率變異值前後差異比較...........................................................................60 4.14 靜坐組與LF/HF比值下降組(包括：綠薄荷、皺葉薄荷、班葉鳳梨薄荷、葡萄柚薄荷、巧克力薄荷組和胡椒薄荷組；品種1、2、3、5、6、7)間之心率變異值前後差異比較.......................65 第五章 討論…………………………………………………………....70 5.1 薄荷萃取液噴霧吸入前後對心率變異的影響之結果討論...................................70 5.2 影響噴霧吸入實驗結果的相關因子討論..................................................................71 5.3 薄荷萃取液有效濃度的討論………........................................72 5.4 影響薄荷萃取液成份的相關因子討論..................................................................3 第六章 結論..................................................................75 第七章 研究限制及建議..................................................................76 參考文獻..................................................................78 圖次目錄 圖3.1 綠薄荷..................................................................12 圖3.2 皺葉薄荷..................................................................12 圖3.3 斑葉鳳梨薄荷..................................................................13 圖3.4 萊姆薄荷..................................................................13 圖3.5 葡萄柚薄荷..................................................................14 圖3.6 巧克力薄荷..................................................................14 圖3.7 胡椒薄荷..................................................................15 圖3.8 普列薄荷..................................................................15 圖3.9 蘋果薄荷..................................................................16 圖3.10 科西嘉薄荷..................................................................16 圖3.11 種植薄荷區域之平面圖..................................................................18 圖4.1 靜坐組與LF/HF比值上升組(包括：萊姆薄荷，普列薄荷，蘋果薄荷，和柯嘉西薄荷組；品種4、8、9、10) 間心率變異百分比改變量值...............................64 圖4.2 靜坐組與LF/HF比值下降組(包括：綠薄荷、皺葉薄荷、班葉鳳梨薄荷、葡萄柚薄荷、巧克力薄荷組和胡椒薄荷組；品種1、2、3、5、6、7) 間心率變異百分比改變量值...................69 表次目錄 表3.1 薄荷品種中文俗名及學名對照表...............................................11 表4.1 薄荷種植的栽種條件：溫度、濕度、風速及光度.......................25 表4.2 研究對象年齡、體重、身高、身體質量指數資料分析.................28 表4.3 靜坐組與綠薄荷組 (品種1) 間之心率變異值..........................31 表4.4 靜坐組與綠薄荷組 (品種1) 間心率變異百分比改變量值......32 表4.5 靜坐組與皺葉薄荷組 (品種2) 間之心率變異值......................35 表4.6 靜坐組與皺葉薄荷組 (品種2) 間心率變異百分比改變量值..35 表4.7 靜坐組與班葉鳳梨薄荷組 (品種3) 間之心率變異值..............38 表4.8 靜坐組與班葉鳳梨薄荷組 (品種3) 間心率變異百分比改變量值..................................................................................................38 表4.9 靜坐組與萊姆薄荷組 (品種4) 間之心率變異值......................41 表4.10 靜坐組與萊姆薄荷組 (品種4) 間心率變異百分比改變量值.41 表4.11 靜坐組與葡萄柚薄荷組 (品種5) 間之心率變異值................44 表4.12 靜坐組與葡萄柚薄荷組 (品種5) 間心率變異百分比改變量值.................................................................................................44 表4.13 靜坐組與巧克力薄荷組 (品種6) 間之心率變異值................47 表4.14 靜坐組與巧克力薄荷組 (品種6) 間心率變異百分比改變量值.....................................................................................47 表4.15 靜坐組與胡椒薄荷組 (品種7) 間之心率變異值....................50 表4.16 靜坐組與胡椒薄荷組 (品種7) 間心率變異百分比改變量值.................................................................................................50 表4.17 靜坐組與普列薄荷組 (品種8) 間之心率變異值.....................53 表4.18 靜坐組與普列薄荷組 (品種8) 間心率變異百分比改變量值.................................................................................................53 表4.19 靜坐組與蘋果薄荷組 (品種9) 間之心率變異值.....................56 表4.20 靜坐組與蘋果薄荷組 (品種9) 間心率變異百分比改變量值...............................................................................................56 表4.21 靜坐組與柯嘉西薄荷組 (品種10) 間之心率變異值...............59 表4.22 靜坐組與柯嘉西薄荷組 (品種10) 間心率變異百分比改變量值.................................................................................................59 表4.23 靜坐組與LF/HF比值上升組(包括：萊姆薄荷，普列薄荷，蘋果薄荷和柯嘉西薄荷組；品種4、8、9、10) 間之心率變異值.................................................................................................62 表4.24 靜坐組與LF/HF比值上升組(包括：萊姆薄荷，普列薄荷，蘋果薄荷，和柯嘉西薄荷組；品種4、8、9、10) 間心率變異百分比改變量值.............................................................................63 表4.25 靜坐組與LF/HF比值下降組(包括：綠薄荷、皺葉薄荷、班葉鳳梨薄荷、葡萄柚薄荷、巧克力薄荷組和胡椒薄荷組；品種1、2、3、5、6、7) 間之心率變異值..............................................67 表4.26 靜坐組與LF/HF比值下降組(包括：綠薄荷、皺葉薄荷、班葉鳳梨薄荷、葡萄柚薄荷、巧克力薄荷組和胡椒薄荷組；品種1、2、3、5、6、7) 間心率變異百分比改變量值......68 | ||
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| 口試委員 | 蘇純立 - 委員 林俊宏 - 委員 余哲仁 - 指導教授 | ||
| 口試日期 | 2008-06-30 | 繳交日期 | 2008-07-08 |
2007年7月19日 星期四
聆聽舒緩音樂與佛手柑精油噴霧吸入在心率變異分析之比較
聆聽舒緩音樂與佛手柑精油噴霧吸入在心率變異分析之比較
http://libserver2.nhu.edu.tw/ETD-db/ETD-search-c/view_etd?URN=etd-0719107-122544
| 姓名 | 彭淑敏(Shu-ming Peng) | 電子郵件信箱 | E-mail 資料不公開 |
| 畢業系所 | 自然醫學研究所(Institute of Natural Healing Science) | ||
| 畢業學位 | 碩士(Master) | 畢業時期 | 95學年第2學期 |
| 論文名稱(中) | 聆聽舒緩音樂與佛手柑精油噴霧吸入在心率變異分析之比較 | ||
| 論文名稱(英) | Comparison of Heart Rate Variability between Listening Soft Music and Inhaling Bergamot Essential Oil | ||
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| 論文語文/頁數 | 中文/94 | ||
| 統計 | 本論文已被瀏覽 3905 次，被下載 2001 次 | ||
| 摘要(中) | 本研究主要探討音樂療法與芳香療法對血壓及心率變異的影響。藉由聆聽班得瑞舒緩音樂15分鐘或佛手柑精油200μL噴霧吸入15分鐘，比較實驗前後血壓及心率變異參數的差異。期望聆聽舒緩音樂或佛手柑精油噴霧吸入皆能達到生理放鬆之成效，並且探討聆聽舒緩音樂合併佛手柑精油噴霧吸入同時進行，對生理放鬆是否有加乘效果。研究對象為南華大學日間部學生共114名(男性14名，女性100名)，平均年齡20.3±1.5歲。研究類型採隨機分配，實驗組與控制組比較。控制組為靜坐組，實驗組分別為音樂療法組、芳香療法組及音樂療法合併芳香療法組三組。 各組組內以成對樣本t檢定(paired t-test)比較血壓及心率變異參數，結果顯示靜坐組、音樂療法組、芳香療法組及音樂療法合併芳香療法組之收縮壓、舒張壓及心跳速率，達顯著性下降(p<0.05)；正常竇性心搏間期標準差、總功率與高頻功率達顯著性上升(p<0.05)。實驗組三組之常規化低頻功率及低高頻功率比達顯著性下降(p<0.05)、常規化高頻功率達顯著性上升(p<0.05)。 組間以共變異數分析(Analysis of Covariance, ANCOVA)，Sidak事後檢定比較血壓及心率變異參數，結果顯示音樂療法組相對於靜坐組之常規化低頻功率、常規化高頻功率及低高頻功率比具顯著性改變(p<0.01)。音樂療法合併芳香療法組與音樂療法組或芳香療法組比較，血壓及心率變異各參數皆無達顯著性改變(p>0.05)。組間百分比改變量以變異數分析(Analysis of Variance, ANOVA)，Sidak事後檢定比較血壓及心率變異參數，結果顯示音樂療法組相對於靜坐組之常規化低頻功率、常規化高頻功率及低高頻功率比具顯著性改變(p<0.01)。 研究結果整體而言，靜坐、音樂療法、芳香療法及音樂療法合併芳香療法在組內顯示都具有降低血壓及心跳速率，提高正常竇性心搏間期標準差、總功率與高頻功率的效果。音樂療法、芳香療法、音樂療法合併芳香療法則具有降低交感神經活性，提升副交感神經活性，達到生理放鬆的效果。組間比較包括共變異數分析與百分比改變量，結果均顯示音樂療法相對於靜坐更明顯降低交感神經活性，提升副交感神經活性，達到生理放鬆的效果。音樂療法合併芳香療法同時進行對降低交感神經活性，提升副交感神經活性，無達到生理放鬆的加乘效果。本研究可作為音樂療法、芳香療法於臨床應用之參考。 | ||
| 摘要(英) | A randomized controlled trial was conducted to assess the change of blood pressure and heart rate variability in subjects listening to Bandari soft music (music therapy group) for 15 minutes or inhaling vapour containing 200 µL of bergamot essential oil (aromatherapy group) for 15 minutes. A total of 114 undergraduate students (14 males and 100 females, average age of 20.3 ±1.5 years) were randomly allocated to four study groups. Participants in the control group were asked to sit still during the experiment. Participants in the three experimental groups were provided with music therapy, aromatherapy, or mixed music therapy with aromatherapy. Results from paired t-tests showed that physiological effects including systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and mean heart rate (MHR) were significantly decreased within each of the four groups (p<0.05). The Standard Deviation of Normal to Normal Intervals (SDNN), Total power (TP) and High Frequency power (HF) were significantly increased within all four study groups (p<0.05). The normalized Low Frequency (nLF) and LF/HF ratio were significantly decreased within the three experimental groups while normalized High Frequency (nHF) significantly increased within the three experimental groups (p<0.05). Changes between the four study groups were analyzed using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) with Sidak post hoc tests. Results showed that nLF, nHF, and LF/HF ratio were significantly different between the music therapy group and the control group (p<0.01). The blood pressure and measures of heart rate variability were not significantly different between the three experimental groups (p>0.05). Standardized percentage changes were analyzed with analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using Sidak post hoc tests. Significant differences (p<0.01) in nLF, nHF, and LF/HF ratio were found between the control group and the music therapy group. In conclusion, sitting still, music therapy, aromatherapy, and mixed music therapy with aromatherapy were found to be effective in reducing blood pressure, heart rate, and promoting SDNN, TP, and nHF. In addition, music therapy, aromatherapy, and mixed music therapy with aromatherapy were found to reduce the sympathetic nervous system activity while elevate the parasympathetic nervous system activity which can lead to a physiological relaxation effect. Results from both ANCOVA and standardized percentage changes showed that music therapy was more effective than the control in leading to a physiological relaxation as indicated by a decrease in the sympathetic nervous system activity and an increase in the parasympathetic nervous system activity. However, no synergistic effect on the autonomic nervous system was observed in the mixed music therapy with aromatherapy group. The findings described in this study can be served as a reference for studies of music therapy and aromatherapy in the future. | ||
| 關鍵字(中) | 音樂療法 自主神經系統 心率變異分析 芳香療法 | 關鍵字(英) | Autonomic nervous system (ANS) Heart rate variability (HRV) aromatherapy music therapy |
| 論文目次 | 論文口試委員審定書.....................................i 謝誌...................................................ii 中文摘要...............................................iv 英文摘要...............................................vi 目次...................................................ix 表目次.................................................xii 圖目次.................................................xiii 中英文縮寫全文對照表...................................xiv 正文目次 第一章 研究背景........................................1 1.1 研究動機與重要性...................................1 1.2名詞界定............................................3 1.3 研究目的...........................................6 1.4 研究架構...........................................6 第二章 文獻回顧........................................8 2.1 生理...............................................8 2.2 心率變異...........................................12 2.3 音樂療法...........................................17 2.4 芳香療法...........................................23 第三章 研究方法........................................28 3.1 研究設計...........................................28 3.2 研究對象及場所 .....................................28 3.3 研究工具...........................................30 3.4 研究步驟...........................................31 3.5 資料分析...........................................32 第四章 研究結果........................................34 4.1研究對象年齡、體重、身高、身體質量指數資料分析.....34 4.2靜坐組組內血壓、QRS波、HRV前後差異比較..............37 4.3音樂療法組組內血壓、QRS波、HRV前後差異比較..........40 4.4芳香療法組組內血壓、QRS波、HRV前後差異比較..........43 4.5音樂療法合併芳香療法組組內血壓、QRS波、HRV前後差異 比較................................................46 4.6四組組間差異比較....................................49 第五章 討論............................................73 5.1 音樂療法組血壓與心率變異相關性討論.................73 5.2 芳香療法組血壓與心率變異相關性討論.................75 5.3 四組血壓與心率變異相關性討論.......................76 5.4 音樂療法組或芳香療法組與音樂療法合併芳香療法組 比較之相關性討論.......................................77 第六章 結論............................................79 第七章 研究限制及建議..................................80 參考文獻...............................................82 附錄一 南華大學試驗計畫志願（同意）書.................92 | ||
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American Journal of Critical Care, 8(4):220-30. | ||
| 口試委員 | 蘇純立 - 委員 辜美安 - 委員 余哲仁 - 指導教授 | ||
| 口試日期 | 2007-06-15 | 繳交日期 | 2007-07-19 |
http://libserver2.nhu.edu.tw/ETD-db/ETD-search-c/view_etd?URN=etd-0719107-122544
薰衣草、茉莉、洋甘菊、檀香或佛手柑精油吸入性芳香療法對心率變異度的影響
薰衣草、茉莉、洋甘菊、檀香或佛手柑精油吸入性芳香療法對心率變異度的影響
| 姓名 | 何毓倫(Yu-lun Ho) | 電子郵件信箱 | E-mail 資料不公開 |
| 畢業系所 | 自然醫學研究所(Institute of Natural Healing Science) | ||
| 畢業學位 | 碩士(Master) | 畢業時期 | 95學年第2學期 |
| 論文名稱(中) | 薰衣草、茉莉、洋甘菊、檀香或佛手柑精油吸入性芳香療法對心率變異度的影響 | ||
| 論文名稱(英) | Effects of Inhalation of Essential Oils on Heart Rate Variability | ||
| 檔案 | 本電子全文僅授權使用者為學術研究之目的，進行個人非營利性質之檢索、閱讀、列印。 請遵守中華民國著作權法之相關規定，切勿任意重製、散佈、改作、轉貼、播送，以免觸法。 | 論文使用權限 | 校內外均一年後公開 |
| 論文語文/頁數 | 中文/67 | ||
| 統計 | 本論文已被瀏覽 3250 次，被下載 1298 次 | ||
| 摘要(中) | 本實驗的目的在了解使用薰衣草、茉莉、洋甘菊、檀香或佛手柑精油吸入性芳香療法應用於162位健康大學生生理參數的影響。實驗前，受試者先進行心率變異度分析5分鐘，每種精油使用量為0.15mL，以超音波噴霧吸入的方式進行10分鐘的芳香療法，之後再做心率變異度分析後測5分鐘。藉由記錄芳香療法前後的心率變異數值來評估薰衣草、茉莉、洋甘菊、檀香或佛手柑對於自主神經系統的反應，同時亦以佛手柑精油的主要香味化合物乙酸沉香酯，檢驗吸入前後的心率變異度變化。心率變異的測量值包括心跳數、高頻功率、低頻功率與低頻/高頻功率比等。本研究採敘述性統計與配對樣本t檢定比較前後測測量值，並使用單因子共變數分析(One-way ANCOVA)及平均測量值(Δ, %)的〔（後測值－前測值）/前測值〕，再使用單因子變異數分析(ANOVA)比較五組精油間之組間差異。P＜0.05表示具有統計上的意義。 結果顯示：受試者使用薰衣草精油在心率變異測量值中，低頻/高頻功率比(P＝0.048)顯著增加，顯示使用薰衣草精油吸入性芳香療法具活化交感神經活性。使用洋甘菊(P＜0.01)、檀香(P＝0.02)與佛手柑精油(P＝0.037) 吸入性芳香療法後，在取對數後高頻功率測量值皆上升，且洋甘菊在低頻功率/高頻功率比(P＜0.01)測量值下降，顯示使用洋甘菊、檀香與佛手柑三種精油吸入性芳香療法具有提升副交感神經活性，可達到舒緩放鬆的效果。使用茉莉精油雖然能使取對數後低頻功率提升些微提升，但不具顯著性，顯示使用茉莉精油吸入性芳香療法活化交感神經活性效果不明顯。受試者使用佛手柑精油的主要香味化合物乙酸沉香酯之吸入性芳香療法後，在取對數後高頻功率(P＜0.01)測量值及常規化高頻功率(P＜0.01)測量值顯著上升，常規化低頻功率(P＜0.01)測量值顯著下降，顯示使用乙酸沉香酯成分吸入性芳香療法與佛手柑精油相同，具有提升副交感神經活性的效果。經單因子變異數分析後顯示，薰衣草及茉莉精油具有相同的上升交感神經活性特質；洋甘菊、檀香則具有相同的上升副交感神經活性特質。佛手柑精油雖具有上升交感神經活性特質，但不顯著。 | ||
| 摘要(英) | This research aims to investigate the effects of inhalation of essential oils including lavender, jasmine, chamomile, sandalwood, bergamot, and linalyl acetate which is the main ingredient of bergamot, on the autonomic nervous system. Parameters of Heart Rate Variability (HRV) including heart rate, high frequency signal, low frequency signal, and low to high frequency ratio were measured on 162 university students before and after inhalation of the essential oils. Paired t-test was used to compare pre- and post-test data. One-way Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) using baseline data as the covariates and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) on mean percentage pre-post changes were used to compare the differences between the five essential oil groups. P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results showed that the low to high frequency ratio was significantly increased (P=0.048) after the inhalation of lavender essential oil, indicating an activation of sympathetic nervous system. Natural- logarithmic transformed high frequency signal was significantly increased after the inhalation of chamomile (P<0.01), sandalwood (P=0.02), and bergamot essential oils (P=0.037), indicating an activation of the parasympathetic nervous system.A significant increase in the low to high frequency ratio was observed after the inhalation of chamomile (P<0.01). Therefore, inhalation of chamomile, sandalwood, and bergamot essential oils could activate the parasympathetic nervous system leading to a relaxation effect. Inhalation of jasmine essential oil led to a slight increase in the natural-logarithm transformed low frequency signal but the change was not statistically significant. Therefore, the parasympathetic nervous system did not changed significantly with the using of jasmine essential oil. A significant increase in natural-logarithm transformed high frequency signals (P<0.01), normalized high frequency signals (P<0.01), and a decrease in normalized low frequency signals (P<0.01) after the inhalation of linalyl acetate were observed. This indicated that the inhalation of linalyl acetate could activate the parasympathetic nervous system similar to the results observed from the inhalation of the bergamot essential oil. Results from the one-way ANOVA indicated that lavender and jasmine essential oils could activate the sympathetic nervous system whereas chamomile and sandalwood essential oils could activate the parasympathetic nervous system. Although Bergamot essential oils could activate the sympathetic nervous system, the changes were not statistically significant. | ||
| 關鍵字(中) | 心率變異 精油 芳香療法 自主神經 | 關鍵字(英) | aromatherapy essential oils heart rate variability autonomic nervous system |
| 論文目次 | 摘要......................................................i 英文摘要................................................iii 目錄......................................................v 圖次目錄...............................................viii 表次目錄.................................................ix 英文縮寫索................................................x 第一章 緒論.............................................1 1.1 研究動機及目的...................................1 1.2 名詞定義.........................................2 1.2.1 心率變異度(heart rate variability, HRV)........2 1.2.2 芳香療法.......................................5 1.2.3 植物精油.......................................5 第二章 文獻回顧.........................................8 2.1 心率變異.........................................8 2.1.1 心率變異度的歷史演進...........................8 2.1.2 心率變異度的生理意義...........................8 2.1.3 心率變異度的影響因素..........................11 2.1.4 心率變異度的臨床應用.........................12 2.2 芳香療法........................................15 2.3 植物精油........................................19 2.3.1 蒸餾法........................................19 2.3.2 壓榨法........................................19 2.3.3 油脂萃取法....................................19 2.3.4 溶劑萃取法....................................19 2.3.5 浸泡法........................................19 2.3.6 超臨界二氧化碳萃取法..........................19 2.4 各精油的化學組成................................20 2.4.1 薰衣草精油的化學組成..........................20 2.4.2 佛手柑精油的化學組成..........................22 2.4.3 茉莉精油的化學組成............................22 2.4.4 洋甘菊精油的化學組成..........................24 2.4.5 檀香精油的化學組成............................24 2.4.6 乙酸沈香酯的化學特性..........................24 第三章 研究方法........................................26 3.1 研究設計與研究架構..............................26 3.2 研究對象、材料與場..............................26 3.2.1研究對象.......................................26 3.2.2測量之材料與儀器設備...........................27 3.2.3芳香療使用之材料...............................27 3.3 研究步驟........................................28 3.3.1篩選個案.......................................28 3.3.2研究過程.......................................28 3.4資料處理與分析...................................29 3.5實驗流程.........................................31 3.6研究問題.........................................32 3.7倫理考量.........................................32 3.7.1簽署同意書.....................................32 3.7.2 個案權益及隱私權的保護.........................32 第四章 研究結果........................................33 4.1研究對象基本資料.................................33 4.2 芳香療法吸入前後對受試者心率變異度改變之結果....36 4.3 乙酸沉香酯吸入前後對心率變異度改變結果..........43 4.4 五種精油組間前後差異比較........................45 4.5 佛手柑精油及乙酸沉香酯間組間前後差異比較........50 第五章 討論............................................52 5.1芳香療法吸入前後對心率變異度改變之結果討論.......52 5.2乙酸沉香酯吸入前後對心率變異度改變之結果討論.....56 5.3五種精油組間前後差異比較討論.....................56 5.4 佛手柑精油及乙酸沉香酯間組間差異討論............57 第六章 結論............................................58 6.1 結論............................................58 6.2研究限制與未來研究之建議.........................59 參考文獻...............................................60 附錄一 受試者基本資料..................................66 附錄二 受試者同意書....................................67 | ||
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| 口試委員 | 辜美安 - 召集委員 蘇純立 - 委員 余哲仁 - 指導教授 | ||
| 口試日期 | 2007-06-15 | 繳交日期 | 2007-07-19 |
2006年10月10日 星期二
Tea Tree Oil & Malassezia
Tea Tree Oil & Malassezia
Role of antifungal agents in the treatment of seborrheic dermatitis.
Gupta AK, Nicol K, Batra R.
American Journal of Clinical Dermatology - 2004;5(6):417-22. Review.Seborrheic dermatitis is a superficial fungal disease of the skin, occurring in areas rich in sebaceous glands. It is thought that an association exists between Malassezia yeasts and seborrheic dermatitis. This may, in part, be due to an abnormal or inflammatory immune response to these yeasts. The azoles represent the largest class of antifungals used in the treatment of this disease to date. In addition to their antifungal properties, some azoles, including bifonazole, itraconazole, and ketoconazole, have demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity, which may be beneficial in alleviating symptoms. Other topical antifungal agents, such as the allylamines (terbinafine), benzylamines (butenafine), hydroxypyridones (ciclopirox), and immunomodulators (pimecrolimus and tacrolimus), have also been effective. In addition, recent studies have revealed that tea tree oil (Melaleuca oil), honey, and cinnamic acid have antifungal activity against Malassezia species, which may be of benefit in the treatment of seborrheic dermatitis. In cases where seborrheic dermatitis is widespread, the use of an oral therapy, such as ketoconazole, itraconazole, and terbinafine, may be preferred. Essentially, antifungal therapy reduces the number of yeasts on the skin, leading to an improvement in seborrheic dermatitis. With a wide availability of preparations, including creams, shampoos, and oral formulations, antifungal agents are safe and effective in the treatment of seborrheic dermatitis.
Antifungal effect of Australian tea tree oil on Malassezia pachydermatis isolated from canines suffering from cutaneous skin disease.
Weseler A, Geiss HK, Saller R, Reichling J.
Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd. 2002 May;144(5):215-21.
The lipophilic yeast Malassezia pachydermatis is part of the normal skin flora of most warm-blooded organisms. In a number of surveys it could be demonstrated that this yeast species might be involved in different skin diseases like seborrhoeic dermatitis, especially in dogs and cats. In order to look for an alternative therapeutic agent to the commonly used antimycotic and antiseptic synthetic substances the in vitro activity of Australian tea tree oil, the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia, against several strains of Malassezia pachydermatis was examined. All tested strains showed remarkably high susceptibility to tea tree oil. With these results the excellent antibacterial activity of tea tree oil is extended to a new group of fungal pathogens colonizing mainly mammals' skin. During the last ten years there was an increasing popularity of tea tree oil containing human health care products. The presented data open up new horizons for this essential oil as a promising alternative agent for topical use in veterinary medicine as well.
In vitro activities of ketoconazole, econazole, miconazole, and Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil against Malassezia species.
Hammer KA, Carson CF, Riley TV.
Antimicrob Agents and Chemotherapy - 2000 Feb;44(2):467-9.
The in vitro activities of ketoconazole, econazole, miconazole, and tea tree oil against 54 Malassezia isolates were determined by agar and broth dilution methods. Ketoconazole was more active than both econazole and miconazole, which showed very similar activities. M. furfur was the least susceptible species. M. sympodialis, M. slooffiae, M. globosa, and M. obtusa showed similar susceptibilities to the four agents.
In vitro susceptibility of Malassezia furfur to the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia.
Hammer KA, Carson CF, Riley TV.
Journal of Medical and Veterinary Mycology - 1997 Sep-Oct;35(5):375-7.
The susceptibility of 64 Malassezia furfur isolates to Melaleuca alternifolia oil was determined. The minimum inhibitory concentration for 90% of isolates was 0.25% by agar dilution and 0.12% by broth dilution. These data indicate that tea tree oil may be useful in the treatment of skin conditions involving Malassezia furfur.
Antifungal activity of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil) against pathogenic fungi in vitro.
Nenoff P, Haustein UF, Brandt W.
Skin Pharmacology and Physiology - 1996;9(6):388-94.
The in vitro antifungal activity of tea oil, the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia, has been evaluated against 26 strains of various dermatophyte species, 54 yeasts, among them 32 strains of Candida albicans and other Candida sp. as well as 22 different Malassezia furfur strains. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of tea tree oil were measured by agar dilution technique. Tea tree oil was found to be able to inhibit growth of all clinical fungal isolates. For the investigated dermatophytes MIC values from 1,112.5 to 4,450.0 micrograms/ml with a geometric mean of 1,431.5 micrograms/ml were demonstrated. Both C. albicans strains and the other strains belonging to the genus Candida and Trichosporon appeared to be slightly less susceptible to tea tree oil in vitro. However, their MIC values, which varied from 2,225.0 to 4,450.0 micrograms/ml (geometric mean 4,080 micrograms/ml), indicated moderate susceptibility to the essential oil of M. alternifolia. The lipophilic yeast M. furfur seemed to be most susceptible to tea tree oil. MIC values between 556.2 and 4,450.0 micrograms/ml (geometric mean 1,261.5 micrograms/ml) were found against the tested M. furfur strains. However, when calculated as percentage tea tree oil of the agar, the above-mentioned concentrations correspond to 0.5-0.44% tea tree oil content. These values are far below the usual relatively high therapeutic concentrations of the agent; approximately 5-10% solution or even the concentrated essential oil are used for external treatment. In comparison with tea tree oil, in vitro susceptibility against miconazole, an established topical antifungal, was tested. As expected, very low MIC values for miconazole were found for dermatophytes (geometric mean 0.2 microgram/ml), yeasts (geometric mean 1.0 microgram/ml), and M. furfur (geometric mean 2.34 micrograms/ml). It is suggested that the in vivo effect of tea tree oil ointment in the therapy of fungal infections of the skin and mucous membranes as well as in the treatment of dandruff, a mild form of seborrheic dermatitis, may be at least partly due to an antifungal activity of tea tree oil.
Malassezia (formerly known as Pityrosporum) is a genus of related fungi, classified as yeasts, naturally found on the skin surfaces of many animals including humans. It can cause hypopigmentation on the trunk and other locations in humans if it becomes an opportunistic infection.
Some confusion exists about the naming and classification of Malassezia yeast species due to a series of changes in their nomenclature. Work on these yeasts has been complicated because they are extremely difficult to propagate in laboratory culture.
Malassezia were originally identified by the French scientist Louis-Charles Malassez in the late 19th century.Raymond Sabouraud identified a dandruff-causing organism in 1904 and called it "Pityrosporum malassez", honoring Malassez, but at the species level not at the genus level. When it was determined that the organisms were the same, the term "Malassezia" was judged to possess priority.[1]
In the mid-20th century, it was reclassified into two species:
- Pityrosporum (Malassezia) ovale, which is lipid-dependent and found only on humans. P. ovale was later divided into two species, P. ovale and P. orbiculare, but current sources consider these terms to refer to a single species of fungus, with M. furfur the preferred name.[2]
- Pityrosporum (Malassezia) pachydermatis, which is lipophilic but not lipid-dependent and found on the skin of most animals.
In the mid-1990s, scientists at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, France discovered additional species.[3]
Currently there are 10 recognized species:
- M. furfur
- M. pachydermatis[4]
- M. globosa[5]
- M. restricta[6]
- M. slooffiae[7]
- M. sympodialis[8]
- M. nana[9]
- M. yamatoensis[10]
- M. dermatis[11]
- M. obtusa
Gupta AK, Nicol K, Batra R.
American Journal of Clinical Dermatology - 2004;5(6):417-22. Review.Seborrheic dermatitis is a superficial fungal disease of the skin, occurring in areas rich in sebaceous glands. It is thought that an association exists between Malassezia yeasts and seborrheic dermatitis. This may, in part, be due to an abnormal or inflammatory immune response to these yeasts. The azoles represent the largest class of antifungals used in the treatment of this disease to date. In addition to their antifungal properties, some azoles, including bifonazole, itraconazole, and ketoconazole, have demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity, which may be beneficial in alleviating symptoms. Other topical antifungal agents, such as the allylamines (terbinafine), benzylamines (butenafine), hydroxypyridones (ciclopirox), and immunomodulators (pimecrolimus and tacrolimus), have also been effective. In addition, recent studies have revealed that tea tree oil (Melaleuca oil), honey, and cinnamic acid have antifungal activity against Malassezia species, which may be of benefit in the treatment of seborrheic dermatitis. In cases where seborrheic dermatitis is widespread, the use of an oral therapy, such as ketoconazole, itraconazole, and terbinafine, may be preferred. Essentially, antifungal therapy reduces the number of yeasts on the skin, leading to an improvement in seborrheic dermatitis. With a wide availability of preparations, including creams, shampoos, and oral formulations, antifungal agents are safe and effective in the treatment of seborrheic dermatitis.
Antifungal effect of Australian tea tree oil on Malassezia pachydermatis isolated from canines suffering from cutaneous skin disease.
Weseler A, Geiss HK, Saller R, Reichling J.
Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd. 2002 May;144(5):215-21.
The lipophilic yeast Malassezia pachydermatis is part of the normal skin flora of most warm-blooded organisms. In a number of surveys it could be demonstrated that this yeast species might be involved in different skin diseases like seborrhoeic dermatitis, especially in dogs and cats. In order to look for an alternative therapeutic agent to the commonly used antimycotic and antiseptic synthetic substances the in vitro activity of Australian tea tree oil, the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia, against several strains of Malassezia pachydermatis was examined. All tested strains showed remarkably high susceptibility to tea tree oil. With these results the excellent antibacterial activity of tea tree oil is extended to a new group of fungal pathogens colonizing mainly mammals' skin. During the last ten years there was an increasing popularity of tea tree oil containing human health care products. The presented data open up new horizons for this essential oil as a promising alternative agent for topical use in veterinary medicine as well.
In vitro activities of ketoconazole, econazole, miconazole, and Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil against Malassezia species.
Hammer KA, Carson CF, Riley TV.
Antimicrob Agents and Chemotherapy - 2000 Feb;44(2):467-9.
The in vitro activities of ketoconazole, econazole, miconazole, and tea tree oil against 54 Malassezia isolates were determined by agar and broth dilution methods. Ketoconazole was more active than both econazole and miconazole, which showed very similar activities. M. furfur was the least susceptible species. M. sympodialis, M. slooffiae, M. globosa, and M. obtusa showed similar susceptibilities to the four agents.
In vitro susceptibility of Malassezia furfur to the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia.
Hammer KA, Carson CF, Riley TV.
Journal of Medical and Veterinary Mycology - 1997 Sep-Oct;35(5):375-7.
The susceptibility of 64 Malassezia furfur isolates to Melaleuca alternifolia oil was determined. The minimum inhibitory concentration for 90% of isolates was 0.25% by agar dilution and 0.12% by broth dilution. These data indicate that tea tree oil may be useful in the treatment of skin conditions involving Malassezia furfur.
Antifungal activity of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil) against pathogenic fungi in vitro.
Nenoff P, Haustein UF, Brandt W.
Skin Pharmacology and Physiology - 1996;9(6):388-94.
The in vitro antifungal activity of tea oil, the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia, has been evaluated against 26 strains of various dermatophyte species, 54 yeasts, among them 32 strains of Candida albicans and other Candida sp. as well as 22 different Malassezia furfur strains. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of tea tree oil were measured by agar dilution technique. Tea tree oil was found to be able to inhibit growth of all clinical fungal isolates. For the investigated dermatophytes MIC values from 1,112.5 to 4,450.0 micrograms/ml with a geometric mean of 1,431.5 micrograms/ml were demonstrated. Both C. albicans strains and the other strains belonging to the genus Candida and Trichosporon appeared to be slightly less susceptible to tea tree oil in vitro. However, their MIC values, which varied from 2,225.0 to 4,450.0 micrograms/ml (geometric mean 4,080 micrograms/ml), indicated moderate susceptibility to the essential oil of M. alternifolia. The lipophilic yeast M. furfur seemed to be most susceptible to tea tree oil. MIC values between 556.2 and 4,450.0 micrograms/ml (geometric mean 1,261.5 micrograms/ml) were found against the tested M. furfur strains. However, when calculated as percentage tea tree oil of the agar, the above-mentioned concentrations correspond to 0.5-0.44% tea tree oil content. These values are far below the usual relatively high therapeutic concentrations of the agent; approximately 5-10% solution or even the concentrated essential oil are used for external treatment. In comparison with tea tree oil, in vitro susceptibility against miconazole, an established topical antifungal, was tested. As expected, very low MIC values for miconazole were found for dermatophytes (geometric mean 0.2 microgram/ml), yeasts (geometric mean 1.0 microgram/ml), and M. furfur (geometric mean 2.34 micrograms/ml). It is suggested that the in vivo effect of tea tree oil ointment in the therapy of fungal infections of the skin and mucous membranes as well as in the treatment of dandruff, a mild form of seborrheic dermatitis, may be at least partly due to an antifungal activity of tea tree oil.
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